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Datura stramonium
Linn.
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Species |
Datura stramonium
Linn. |
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Local Name |
Dhaturo (Nep). |
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Synonym |
D. stramonium
tatula |
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Family |
Solanaceae. |
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Habitat |
A coarse weedy annual plant reaching over 3 feet in
height. Usually found in rich waste ground. |
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Distribution |
Distributed in temperate Himalayas. |
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Sikkim |
Gangtok, Ranipool, Gyalshing. |
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Out side |
Kashmir, West Bengal (Darjeeling, Kalimpong), Uttar
Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Europe and U.S.A, Bhutan. |
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General |
Tropical America widely cultivated and naturalized. |
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Morphological |
A
coarse annual plant, 1- 3m high, glabrous or minutely
pubescent. Leaves ovate toothed or sinuate. Flowers
large, white. Calyx long tubular, herbaceous; corolla
long, tubular, funnel- shaped mouth wide; stamens
attached near the base of the tube, filaments filif6rm.
Ovary 2- or spuriously 4- celled. Capsule ellipsoid,
spinous. Seeds many, compressed, rugose. |
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Flowering |
June-November. |
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Fruiting |
September -March |
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History |
Datura, a 16th century name latinised from the Persian
and Arabic names for D. fastuosa. Stromonium was the
name of Datura metel L. at Venice in the middle of the
16th century, where it was cultivated; and the plant is
figured under that title by Tragus and Fuchsius. The
origin of the name is not evident, but many perhaps are
an italianised contraction of Greek Letters. D.
Stramonium seems to have been a later introduced into
Europe than D. metel but as it rapidly spread and became
a common plant the name of the latter was transferred to
it. |
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Parts |
Fruits, seeds, flowers and leaves. |
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Status |
Low risk. |
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Phytochemistry |
Components of polar flavanoid glycosides determined;
sugar portion consisted mainly of glucose glucose and
glucose- galactose; some glycosides also present as
acetyl derivatives of caffiec, p- coumaric and ferulic
acids (Pharm. Acta. Helv 1970, 45, 153, Chem. Abstr.
1970, 72, 118454r); hyoscine N- oxide from seeds, roots,
leaves and stems (J.Pharm.Pharmocol 1973, 25,116; Chem.
Abstr. 1974, 80, 130477 y); leaves yeilded, -sitosterol,
stigmasterol, campesterol, withanolide 1, mp 258' (daturalactone)
and stramonolide mp.2650 (Khim Prir Soedin. 1976, 12,
670; Chem Abstr. 1977, 86, 117600n); triterpene
alcohols- lanost 8 ene 3, -ol (2.0) lanosterol (tr) and
24- methylenelanost- 8 en- 3, -ol (tr) in addition to
cylcloartanol (tr), cycloartenol (340), 24
methylenecyclloartanol (70), lupenol (2.0), amyrin
(53.0%) daturaolone (tr) and daturadiol (tr)-
identified in seeds (Phytochemistry 1977, 16, 1723)
total alkaloids 1.25- 0.34% in aerila parts; hyoscyamine,
hyoscine ,skimmianine, tropine and 2,6 dihydroxytropane
isolated (Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1977, 13,126; Chem. Abstr.
1979, 90, 51420c); detection of cholesterol, cholest-
7enol, campesterol, 24 methyllenecholesterol,
stigmasterol, sitosterol, 28- iisofucosterol, 31-
norlanosterol, obtusifoliol, 31 norcycloartenol,
cycloeucalenol gramisterol, citrostadienol, lanost- 8-
enool, cycloartenol, lanosterol, amyrin, lupeol and 24-
methylenecycloartanol in seed oil by GLC and TLC (Hanguk
Nonghwa Hakhoe Chi 1978, 21, 51; chem. Abstr. 1979, 90,
100109 U); hyoscyamine, hyoscine and atropine from stem
and seeds (Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Todzh SR 1978, 21, 34;
Chem. Abstr. 1979, 90, 51420c); isolation and structure
of new withanolide withastromonolide from leaves (Khim.
Prir. Soedin 1978, 14, 91; chem. Abstr. 1978, 89,
43962v); four 4K- methylsterols- 31- norianost- 9(11)-
enoI (10), 24- methyl- 31- norlanost- 9 (11)- enol (tr),
4K, 24- dimethylcholesta- 7, 24- dienol (tr) anmd 31-
norcycloartanol (tr), along with 31- norcy -cloartenol
(6.0), cycloeucalenol (9.0), 31 norlanost- 8- enol (tr),
31- norlanosterol (2.0), obtusifoliol (13.0), 4K, 14K,
24- trimethylcholesta- 8, 24- dienol (tr), 4K-
methylcholestaenol (1.0) lopohenol (6.0), 24
methyllophenol (tr), 24- ethyllophenol (tr) gramisterol
(43.0) and citrostadienol (13.0%) isolated from seed
oil. |
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Agrocultivation |
D. stramonium is
propagated through seeds. Seeds can be directly drilled
in furrows or the plant can be raised in nursery and
transplanted in the field. Transplanting gives better
results. In case of direct seedling, seeds are drilled
in rows at a distance of 45- 60cm. before preparation of
the field. The ideal time of seed sowing is March- April
in temperate areas where in case of north Indian plains
the seed are sown in November.
In case of
transplanting, the seeds are planted in raised nursery
beds consisting of farmyard manure and soil. After the
seeds are broadcasted, the bed is covered with a layer
of sand and farmyard manure. The bed should be kept
moist. After the seedling reach to certain heights (4- 6
weeks). They are transplanted in the field in May and
June in case of temperate areas and in November and
December in case of subtropical areas. The seedlings are
placed at the distance of 30- 45 cm in rows and 45- 60
cm. The field is ploughed and deseeds several times
before planting. Pre-planting irrigation should be given
before preparation of the field. The ideal time of seed
sowing is March- April in temperate areas where in case
of north Indian plains – the seeds are sown in November.
In case of
transplanting, the seeds are planted in raised nursery
beds consisting of farmyard manure and soil. After the
seeds are broadcasted, the bed is covered with a layer
of sand and farmyard manure. The bed should be kept
moist. After the seedlings reach to certain heights (4-
6 weeks), they are transplanted to the fields in May and
June in case of temperate areas and in November and
December in case of sub-tropical areas. The seedlings
are placed at the distance of 30- 45 cm in rows and 45-
60cm apart. |
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Reference |
1. Bentley,
Robert and Trimen, Henry (1992). Medicinal Plants (Vol.
3). Published by Prashant Gahlot for Allied Books
Centre, Dehradun. 192.
2. Chatterjee,
Asima, Satyesh Chandra Pakrashi, (1995). The Treatise of
Indian Medicinal Plants (Vol.4). Publications and
Information Directorate, New Delhi. 175- 176.
3. Chopra, R.N.,
S. L. Nayar, I.C. Chopra (1999). Glossary of Indian
Medicinal Plants. National Institute of Science
Communication, CSIR, New Delhi, 91.
4. Hussain,
Akhtar (1993). Medicinal Plants and Their Cultivation.
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 17-
19.
5. Progress
Report of the Project "Studies on Medicinal Plants of
Sikkim" (1998- 2001). State Council of Science and
Technology for Sikkim.
6. Tsarong J. Tsewang (1994). Tibetan Medicinal Plants.
Tibetan Medical Publications, Kalimpong, West Bengal.92. |
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Medicinal |
Fruit: Sedative
but intoxicating in large doses; juice is applied to
scalp for curing dandruff and loss of hairs.
Seeds: Anti-
inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic. Used against
stomachal and intestinal pain from worm infestation
toothache and fever from inflammations.
Leaves: Anodyne,
antiseptic and narcotic and is applied to boils and
sores.
Flowers: Cures
earache.
All parts of the
plant are narcotic specially the seeds, which have a
stupefying effect and can be fatal. |
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Ayurvedic |
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Unani |
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Traditional |
The seed paste though poisonous is applied externally as
anti inflammation. Leaves mixed with tobacco are smoked
as cigar to relieve from asthma. (Project Report- 2000;
M.E.E.S.1- 1- 1991). |
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Others |
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Prepartation |
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Picture |
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Rhododendron
Amongst the many
floral treaties of Sikkim Himalaya one of the earliest ones may be
found over the genus Rhododendron (Gk. rhodo = red, dendrons = tree
). |
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Orchid
Orchid
known for their brilliance in colors, unusual shapes
attractive growth habits, variety in fragrance and
exquisite beauty can attract any nature lovers.
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Medicinal Plant
Sikkim
with its total geographical area of 7,096 sq km is
bestowed with a huge diversity of flora and fauna.
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